Anecdotal evidence indicates an increased use of pain relief medication for cattle during routine husbandry procedures. The benefits of pain relief for painful procedures such as castration, dehorning and disbudding are widely acknowledged and supported by field trials. Aside from the obvious welfare benefits, production is enhanced as animals suffer less pain, and as a result return to normal feeding and other activities in a much faster time than without any pain relief.
It is also important to uphold the endorsed Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines for Cattle (Cattle Standards). The Cattle Standards provide for the administration of pain relief for certain painful procedures including castration and dehorning (unless the animals are less than six months old or less than 12 months if at their first yarding and where the later age is approved in the jurisdiction – please check your relevant state legislation). Once the standards are implemented as Regulations under the Animal Welfare Act 2002, it will become an offence not to provide pain relief where mandated.
Pain relief medication: What are the options?
The following is a brief comparison of the pain relief products available with some key points for consideration.
Current pain relief products registered with the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority (APVMA) for use in cattle are:
- local anaesthetics:
- topical application – Tri-Solfen® (available over the counter)
- injectable formulations – Lignocaine (only administered by a veterinarian)
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (available by veterinarian prescription):
- oral suspension – Buccalgesic®
- injectable formulations – Meloxicam (eg Metacam), Flunixin meglumine, Ketoprofen.
Anaesthetic vs. analgesic
Anaesthetics and analgesics target different areas of the pain pathway. Local anaesthetics provide pain relief by temporarily blocking sensory function (i.e. numbing the area). Analgesics (which include NSAIDs) reduce physiological inflammatory pathways in the body, resulting in reduced cellular reaction to trauma and less triggers of pain.
Anaesthetics and analgesics can be used individually or together for pain relief. Anaesthetics have an almost immediate effect (while the procedure is being carried out), while analgesics provide longer lasting pain relief (by facilitating the healing process). Injectable anaesthetics and analgesics are primarily used under direct veterinary supervision.
Price and dose
The price will vary depending on the quantity of product purchased. The dose rate of NSAIDs is calculated by the weight of the animal, while the amount of local anaesthetics administered depends on both the weight and the number of application sites, i.e. whether you are both dehorning and castrating, or just performing one procedure.
Which pain relief medication option is right for me?
It is recommended that producers consult their veterinarian for a comprehensive understanding of the function and application of their chosen product(s) and to ensure effective treatment. Some products are only available under veterinary supervision.
Some key considerations are:
- What type and method of procedures are to be performed?
- What is the age (and size) of the animals?
- Who will be applying the pain relief? Do they have the skills required?
- What is the withholding period?
- Price per unit applied
- Number of livestock to be treated (most injectables need to be discarded 28 days after opening)
- Possible re-treatments (Buccalgesic cannot be administered again for 21 days)
- What is the shelf life of the product?
- What are the storage conditions? (Many products require storage below 30 degrees and protected from light).
| Product name | Tri-Solfen | Buccalgesic | Metacam |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Bayer | Troy Pharmaceutical | Boehringer Ingelheim |
| Product description | Local anaesthetic which blocks sensory function. Also contains adrenaline (constricts blood vessels to reduce bleeding) and an antiseptic. | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which targets the inflammation that causes pain. | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which targets the inflammation that causes pain. |
| Composition | Lignocaine and Bupivicaine (short and long acting local anaesthetics), Adrenaline (aids in control of bleeding) and Cetrimide (antiseptic). | Meloxicam 10 mg/ml in a buccal (cheek) formulation. Designed for retention in the buccal cavity, and absorption across the mucous membrane. | There are two formulations. Meloxicam 20 mg/ml in an injectable solution. Meloxicam 40 mg/ml, registered for cattle only (stronger formulation to allow reduced volume of injection, particularly for heavier cattle). |
| Function | Anaesthetic | Analgesic | Analgesic |
| Purpose | · Pain relief · Reduces bleeding · Reduces risk of bacterial infection · Assists healing by sealing and protecting the wound. | · Pain relief · Reduces inflammation. | · Pain relief · Reduces inflammation. |
| APVMA registered use | Topical anaesthetic and antiseptic solution for pain relief in calves following castration, dehorning or disbudding. | For alleviation of pain associated with the routine husbandry procedures of castration, dehorning or disbudding of calves. | To assist in the control of pain following the dehorning of cattle, particularly that following heat cautery dehorning of young cattle. For the reduction of pain associated with any surgery. |
| Dosage | Castration: Calves 30-100 kg 6 ml Calves over 100 kg 9 ml Disbudding/dehorning: 8 ml (4 ml per horn). | Calves: 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight (0.5 ml solution/10 kg) administered at least 15-30 minutes before the procedure. | Dehorning: Metacam 20 mg/ml: (single dose only) 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight (2.5 ml/100 kg) subcutaneous or intravenous injection administered at least 10 minutes before dehorning, and can be accompanied by a cornual nerve block using local anaesthesia. Metacam 40 mg/ml: (single dose only) 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight (1.25 ml/100 kg bodyweight). It is recommended that the injection is administered at least 10 minutes before dehorning, and be accompanied by a cornual nerve block using local anaesthesia. |
| Application | Castration: Three applications (one third of the dose to each incision of the spermatic cord and the final third to the edges of scrotal incision). Dehorning: Immediately after (must be applied to exposed nerves at the surgical site to work). | Administer the dose into the buccal cavity that lies between the molar teeth, and inside of the cheek, while holding the mouth closed. This product is not intended to be swallowed (although will not cause harm if this occurs) but to be absorbed through the mucosa of the inner cheek. | Single dose only by subcutaneous or intravenous injection, 10 minutes before the procedure. Best practice animal welfare and management of surgical pain in dehorning cattle or calves involves pre-emptive analgesia using a multimodal approach with Metacam® and appropriate local anaesthetic administered as a cornual nerve block. If a cornual nerve block is not possible prior to the procedure, application of a topical anaesthetic (Tri-Solfen) to the wounds is recommended. |
| Time it takes to work | Immediate (within 1 minute). | 10-15 minutes. | 10-15 minutes. |
| Manufacturer’s claimed period of relief | Castration: Up to 24 hours. Dehorning/disbudding: Up to 24 hours. | Castration: 24-72 hours. Dehorning/disbudding: Research suggests up to 44 hours. | Castration: 24-72 hours. Dehorning/disbudding: Research suggests up to 44 hours. |
| Meat Withholding Period | 90 days | 14 days | Metacam 20 mg/ml: 8 days Metacam 40 mg/ml: 11 days |
| Export Slaughter Interval (ESI) | 90 days | 21 days | Metacam 20 mg/ml: No ESI as this concentration usually used for calves. Metacam 40 mg/ml: 17 days. |
| You should always check with the APVMA website or with your veterinarian for the most up to date ESI | |||
| Availability | Schedule 5: Over the counter. | Schedule 4: Requires veterinary prescription. | Schedule 4: Requires veterinary prescription. |
| Presentation | 1 L, 5 L, 20 L | 200 ml | Metacam 20 mg/ml injection (vial): 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml. Metacam 40 mg/ml injection (vial): 50 ml, 100 ml. |
For more information
Guide to the use of pan relief in the grass-fed beef cattle sector (Cattle Council of Australia).
References
Cattle
Olson, ME, Ralston, B, Burwash, L, Matheson-Bird, H, Allan, ND 2016 Efficacy of oral meloxicam suspension for prevention of pain and inflammation following band and surgical castration in calves, BMC Veterinary Research, Vol 12, No. 102, pp. 1-11.
Van der Saag, D, Lomax, S, Windsor, PA, Taylor, C, White, PJ 2018 Evaluating treatments with topical anaesthesic and buccal meloxicam for pain and inflammation caused by amputation dehorning of calves, PLOS One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198808 June 13, 2018.
*Heinrich, A, Duffield, TF, Lissemore, KD, Millman, ST 2010 The effect of meloxicam on behaviour and pain sensitivity of dairy calves following cautery dehorning and a local anaesthetic, J. Dairy Sci., Vol. 93, pp. 2450-2457.`
Allen, KA, Coetzee, JF, Edwards-Callaway, LN, Glynn, H, Dockweller, J, Kufanich, B, Lin, H, Wang, C, Fraccaro, E, Jones, M, Bergamasco, L 2012 The effect of timing of oral meloxicam administration on physiological responses in calves after cautery dehorning with local anaesthesia, J.Dairy Sci, Vol. 96, pp. 5194-5205.
White, P, Van der Saag, D, Windsor, P 2018 ‘Pain management during adversive procedures in extensively raised beef cattle‘, Meat and Livestock Australia, Final Report P.PSH.0654, Sydney.
McCarthy, D, Windsor, PA, Harris, C, Lomax, S, White, PJ 2016 ‘Effect of topical applied anaesthetic formulation on the sensitivity of scoop dehorning wounds in calves, PLOS One, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0163181 September 20, 2016.
Van der Saag, D, White, P, Ingram, L, Manning, J, Windsor, P, Lomax, S 2018, ‘Effects of topical anaesthetic and buccal meloxicam treatments on concurrent castration and dehorning of beef calves, Animals, Vol. 8, No. 35, pp. 1-16.
Sheep
Small, AH, Belson, S, Holm, M, Colditz, IG 2014 Efficacy of a buccal meloxicam formulation for pain relief in Merino lambs undergoing knife castration and tail docking in a randomised field trial. Aust.Vet.J. Vol.92, pp.381-388.
Small, AH, Marini, D, Dyall, T, Paull, D, Lee, C 2018 A randomised field study evaluating the effectiveness of buccal meloxicam and topical local anaesthesia formulations administered singly or in combination at improving welfare of female merino lambs undergoing surgical mulesing and hot knife tail docking, Research in Veterinary Science, Vol. 118, pp. 305-311.
Reviewed by Mick Sullivan and Roxanne Morgan, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Anecdotal evidence indicates an increased adoption of best practice animal welfare management with the provision of pain relief medication to cattle during routine husbandry procedures. The benefits resulting from administration of analgesia for painful procedures such as castration, dehorning and disbudding are widely acknowledged and supported by field trials. Aside from the obvious welfare benefits, production is enhanced as animals suffer less pain, and as a result return to normal feeding and other activities in a much faster time than without any pain relief.
It is also important to note that Western Australia, along with all other jurisdictions uphold the endorsed Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines for Cattle (Cattle Standards). The Cattle Standards provide for the administration of pain relief for certain painful procedures including castration and de-horning, and once implemented as Regulations under the Animal Welfare Act 2002, it will become an offence not to provide analgesia where mandated.
What are the options?
Navigating the differences between the products and selecting the best option available for your cattle can seem like a daunting task at first. The following is a brief comparison of the products available with some key points for consideration.
There are currently three pain relief products registered for use on cattle with the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority (APVMA): one local anaesthetic – Tri-Solfen®, and two Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) analgesics – Ilium Buccalgesic® OTM and Metacam® 20 or 40 (Registered for cattle only).
Anaesthetic vs. analgesic
Anaesthetics and analgesics target different areas of the pain pathway. Local anaesthetics provide short term pain relief by temporarily blocking sensory function (i.e. numbing the area). NSAIDs are a type of analgesic which do not block sensory function, but do block inflammatory pathways in the body and provide analgesia.
Single or multi-modal use?
Anaesthetics and analgesics can be used individually or together to manage pain. A local anaesthetic will reduce pain at the time of the procedure by causing the surgical site to become numb. As Tri-Solfen is a topical spray (as opposed to an injection you would receive at the dentist), it will only work when applied to exposed nerves, i.e. after the procedure. While it will not provide pain relief during the procedure, it will do so within one minute of being applied after the procedure. However, this will eventually wear off, and there will be residual pain from the inflammation caused by the procedure. An analgesic will not block pain at the time of the procedure, but will provide a longer lasting pain relief by targeting inflammation as the wound heals.
A common example of multi-modal pain relief is the use of a local anaesthetic and an analgesic (e.g. ibuprofen) for a trip to the dentist. The local anaesthic will numb the site of application to block pain during the procedure (e.g. drilling). However, as the local anaesthetic wears off, we often take an analgesic to provide relief from residual pain caused by the inflammation of the wound.
For cattle, this multi-modal approach might involve administering a cornual nerve block, and a dose of an NSAID prior to the procedure. The cornual nerve traverses the frontal crest and provides sensation to the skin of the horn/horn bud region. A cornual nerve block involves injecting local anaesthetic at the base of horn around the cornual nerve to block sensation prior to disbudding or dehorning. Where a cornual nerve block is not possible, application of a topical anaesthetic to the wounds post procedure is recommended.
Price
The price will vary depending on the quantity of product purchased. The amount of Buccalgesic and Metacam administered is calculated by the weight of the animal only, whereas the amount of Tri-Solfen administered depends on both the weight and the number of application sites. (i.e. if you are both dehorning and castrating, or just performing one procedure).
Which option is right for me?
It is recommended that producers consult their veterinarian, for a comprehensive understanding of the function and application of their chosen product(s) and to ensure effective treatment, before investing in pain relief measures.
Some key considerations are:
- What type of procedures are performed, and what method?
- Who will be applying the pain relief? Do they have the skills required?
- Price per unit applied
- Number of livestock to be treated (Metacam needs to be discarded 28 days after opening)
- Possible retreatments (Buccalgesic cannot be administered again for 21 days).